Yahya related to me from Malik from Abu Hazim ibn Dinar from Said
ibn al-Musayyab that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and
grant him peace, forbade the sale with uncertainty in it.
Malik said, "An example of one type of uncertain transaction and risk
is that a man intends the price of a stray animal or escaped slave to
be fifty dinars. A man says, 'I will take him from you for twenty
dinars.' If the buyer finds him, thirty dinars goes from the seller,
and if he does not find him, the seller takes twenty dinars from the
buyer."
Malik said, "There is another fault in that. If that
stray is found, it is not known whether it will have increased or
decreased in value or what defects may have befallen it. This
transaction is greatly uncertain and risky."
Malik said,
"According to our way of doing things, one kind of uncertain
transaction and risk is selling what is in the wombs of females -
women and animals - because it is not known whether or not it will
come out, and if it does come out, it is not known whether it will be
beautiful or ugly, normal or disabled, male or female. All that is
disparate. If it has that, its price is such-and-such, and if it has
this, its price is such-and-such."
Malik said, "Females must
not be sold with what is in their wombs excluded. That is that, for
instance, a man says to another, 'The price of my sheep which has much
milk is three dinars. She is yours for two dinars while I will have
her future offspring.' This is disapproved because it is an uncertain
transaction and a risk."
Malik said, "It is not halal to sell
olives for olive oil or sesame for sesame oil, or butter for ghee
because muzabana comes into that, because the person who buys the raw
product for something specified which comes from it, does not know
whether more or less will come out of that, so it is an uncertain
transaction and a risk."
Malik said, "A similar case is the
selling of ben-nuts for ben-nut oil. This is an uncertain transaction
because what comes from the ben-nut is ben-oil. There is no harm in
selling ben-nuts for perfumed ben because perfumed ben has been
perfumed, mixed and changed from the state of raw ben-nut oil."
Malik, speaking about a man who sold goods to a man on the
provision that there was to be no loss for the buyer, (i.e. if the
buyer could not re-sell the goods they could go back to the seller),
said, "This transaction is not permitted and it is part of risk. The
explanation of why it is so, is that it is as if the seller hired the
buyer for the profit if the goods make a profit. If he sells the stock
at a loss, he has nothing, and his efforts are not compensated. This
is not good. In such a transaction, the buyer should have a wage
according to the work that he has contributed. Whatever there is of
loss or profit in those goods is for and against the seller. This is
only when the goods are gone and sold. If they do not go, the
transaction between them is null and void."
Malik said, "As
for a man who buys goods from a man and he concludes the sale and then
the buyer regrets and asks to have the price reduced and the seller
refuses and says, 'Sell it and I will compensate you for any loss.'
There is no harm in this because there is no risk. It is something he
proposes to him, and their transaction was not based on that. That is
what is done among us."
Muwatta Malik Book 31, Hadith 75
“The Messenger of
Allah
(ﷺ) used to teach us Istikharah, just as he used to teach us a
Surah of the Quran. He said: ‘If anyone of you is deliberating
about
a decision he has to make, then let him pray two Rak’ah of
non-
obligatory prayer, then say: Allahumma inni astakhiruka bi
‘ilmika wa
astaqdiruka bi qudratika wa as’aluka min
fadlikal-‘azim, fa innaka
taqdiru wa la aqdir, wa ta’lamu wa la
a’lam, wa Anta ‘allamul-ghuyub.
Allahumma in kunta ta’lamu
hadhal-amra (then the matter should be
mentioned by name) ma kan min
shay’in khairan li fi dini wa ma’ashi wa
‘aqibati amri, aw
khairanli fi ‘ajili amri wa ajilihi, faqdurhu li wa
yassirhu li wa
barik li fihi. Wa in kunta ta’lamu [O Allah, I seek
Your guidance
(in making a choice) by virtue of Your knowledge, and I
seek ability
by virtue of Your power, and I ask You of Your great
bounty. You have
power, I have none. And You know, I know not. You are
the Knower of
hidden things. O Allah, if in Your knowledge, this
matter (then it
should be mentioned by name) is good for me in my
religion, my
livelihood and my affairs, or both in this world and in
the Hereafter
then ordain it for me, make it easy for me, and bless it
for me. And
if in Your knowledge]. Then saying similar to what he said
the first
time, except: Wa in kana sharran li fasrifhu ‘anni wasrifni
‘anhu
waqdur li al-khair haithuma kana thumma raddini bihi (If it is
bad
for me then turn it away from me and turn me away from it, and
ordain
for me the good wherever it may be and make me pleased with
it).’”
Sunan Ibn Majah Book 5, Hadith 581
A group of people from `Ukl (tribe) came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and they were living with the people of As-
Suffa, but they became ill as the climate of Medina did not suit them, so they said, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)!
Provide us with milk." The Prophet (ﷺ) said, I see no other way for you than to use the camels of Allah's
Apostle." So they went and drank the milk and urine of the camels, (as medicine) and became healthy
and fat. Then they killed the shepherd and took the camels away. When a help-seeker came to Allah's
Apostle, he sent some men in their pursuit, and they were captured and brought before mid day. The
Prophet ordered for some iron pieces to be made red hot, and their eyes were branded with them and
their hands and feet were cut off and were not cauterized. Then they were put at a place called Al-
Harra, and when they asked for water to drink they were not given till they died. (Abu Qilaba said,
"Those people committed theft and murder and fought against Allah and His Apostle.")
Sahih al-Bukhari Book 86, Hadith 33
The Prophet (ﷺ) said to him: “Should I not teach you some words to say when you go to your bed, so if you died, you will die upon the Fitrah, and if you reach the morning, you will reach it in good? You say: ‘O Allah, verily, I submit myself to You, and I turn my face to You, and I entrust my affair to You, hoping in You and fearing in You. And I lay myself down depending upon You, there is no refuge minka illā ilaik. Āmantu bikitābikal-ladhī anzalta wa binabiyyikal-ladhī arsalt).’” Al-Bara' said: “So I said: ‘And in Your Messenger whom you have sent.’” He said: “So he (ﷺ) struck his hand upon my chest, then said: “And in Your Prophet whom You have sent. (Wa binabiyyikal-ladhī arsalt).”
Jami` at-Tirmidhi Book 48, Hadith 25