Yahya related to me from Malik that he had heard that Umar ibn
Abd al-Aziz wrote to his governors telling them to relieve any people
who payed the jizya from paying the jizya if they became muslims.
Malik said, "The sunna is that there is no jizya due from women or
children of people of the Book, and that jizya is only taken from men
who have reached puberty. The people of dhimma and the magians do not
have to pay any zakat on their palms or their vines or their crops or
their livestock. This is because zakat is imposed on the muslims to
purify them and to be given back to their poor, whereas jizya is
imposed on the people of the Book to humble them. As long as they are
in the country they have agreed to live in, they do not have to pay
anything on their property except the jizya. If, however, they trade
in muslim countries, coming and going in them, a tenth is taken from
what they invest in such trade. This is because jizya is only imposed
on them on conditions, which they have agreed on, namely that they
will remain in their own countries, and that war will be waged for
them on any enemy of theirs, and that if they then leave that land to
go anywhere else to do business they will haveto pay a tenth. Whoever
among them does business with the people of Egypt, and then goes to
Syria, and then does business with the people of Syria and then goes
to Iraq and does business with them and then goes on to Madina, or
Yemen, or other similar places, has to pay a tenth.
People of
the Book and magians do not have to pay any zakat on any of their
property, livestock, produce or crops. The sunna still continues like
that. They remain in the deen they were in, and they continue to do
what they used to do. If in any one year they frequently come and go
in muslim countries then they have to pay a tenth every time they do
so, since that is outside what they have agreed upon, and not one of
the conditions stipulated for them. This is what I have seen the
people of knowledge of our city doing."
Muwatta Malik Book 17, Hadith 49
`Abdullah bin Salam heard the news of the arrival of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) (at Medina) while he was on a
farm collecting its fruits. So he came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and said, "I will ask you about three things which
nobody knows unless he be a prophet. Firstly, what is the first portent of the Hour? What is the first
meal of the people of Paradise? And what makes a baby look like its father or mother?'. The Prophet (ﷺ)
said, "Just now Gabriel has informed me about that." `Abdullah said, "Gabriel?" The Prophet (ﷺ) said,
"Yes." `Abdullah said, "He, among the angels is the enemy of the Jews." On that the Prophet (ﷺ) recited
this Holy Verse:--
"Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel (let him die in his fury!) for he has brought it (i.e. Quran) down to
your heart by Allah's permission." (2.97) Then he added, "As for the first portent of the Hour, it will
be a fire that will collect the people from the East to West. And as for the first meal of the people of
Paradise, it will be the caudite (i.e. extra) lobe of the fish liver. And if a man's discharge proceeded
that of the woman, then the child resembles the father, and if the woman's discharge proceeded that of
the man, then the child resembles the mother." On hearing that, `Abdullah said, "I testify that None
has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and that you are the Messenger of Allah, O, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ); the
Jews are liars, and if they should come to know that I have embraced Islam, they would accuse me of
being a liar." In the meantime some Jews came (to the Prophet) and he asked them, "What is
`Abdullah's status amongst you?" They replied, "He is the best amongst us, and he is our chief and the
son of our chief." The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "What would you think if `Abdullah bin Salam embraced Islam?"
They replied, "May Allah protect him from this!" Then `Abdullah came out and said, "I testify that
None has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." The Jews
then said, "Abdullah is the worst of us and the son of the worst of us," and disparaged him. On that
`Abdullah said, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! This is what I was afraid of!"
Sahih al-Bukhari Book 65, Hadith 7
(Al-Ahnaf said:) I went out carrying my arms during the nights of the affliction (i.e. the war between
`Ali and `Aisha) and Abu Bakra met me and asked, "Where are you going?" I replied, "I intend to help
the cousin of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) (i.e.,`Ali)." Abu Bakra said, "Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, 'If two Muslims take
out their swords to fight each other, then both of them will be from amongst the people of the Hell-
Fire.' It was said to the Prophet, 'It is alright for the killer but what about the killed one?' He replied,
'The killed one had the intention to kill his opponent.'" (See Hadith No. 30, Vol. 1)
Narrated Al-Ahnaf:
Abu Bakra said: The Prophet (ﷺ) said (as above, 204).
Sahih al-Bukhari Book 92, Hadith 34